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He writes that the examination opened with Hathorne turning his attention not to Nurse, but rather to Abigail Williams. Williams reported to the magistrates that the apparition of Nurse had just that morning, as well as on previous occasions, afflicted her. Shortly after this statement, Ann Putnam, Jr. Hathorne first turned his attention to Nurse, and pointedly asked her to account for the accusations of Williams and Putnam. Nurse, defiant and incredulous to the end, responded, "I can say before my Eternal Father I am innocent and God will clear my innocency.
After receiving two more accounts implicating Nurse in witchcraft, this time from adult men in the community, Hathorne put the question more directly. In an interesting aside in the examination record, Parris wrote that one of these accusations came from, "Mary Walcott who often heretofore said she had seen her, but never could say or did say that she either bit or pinchted her, or hurt her ".
Here, Parris, who actively encouraged the accusations in Salem Village, suggests that Walcott was now able to confirm that Nurse was the cause of her previous torment. Then the girls, with their eyes on Nurse's agitated movements, imitated her postures by contorting their own bodies. Thus they made it appear that Nurse implicated herself, as the afflicted cried out in pain with every movement of the examinant's head and arms, gaining the attion of the judges and the onlookers.
Yet even in the face of this seemingly damning evidence, Nurse steadfastly proclaimed her innocence: "The Lord knows I have not hurt them. I am an innocent person. The banter between Hathorne, and possibly at times Corwin, and Nurse continued as the judges attempted to badger a confession using different rhetorical devices. The judges asked why Nurse stood stoically in the face of such afflictions suffered by the girls, to which Nurse replied, "You do not know my heart," and that she was, " Hathorne, likely frustrated at Nurse's refusal to cooperate and confess her dealings with the Devil, attempted a new approach.
First, Hathorne by this statement deftly forced Nurse to explain the afflictions witnessed in that very room as, if not her fault, then the fault of the very girls so "grievously afflicted".
Second, by stating that the afflicted girls would be "murderers" if merely pretending their affliction "by designe", it certainly became abundantly clear to Rebecca Nurse that it would be her own death to which these afflicted women would soon be responsible if they were lying, as executions had yet to be ordered or begun in Salem.
It was Hathorne's final, desperate attempt to force a confession from Nurse by ensuring she understood that her own life was in the balance.
As the examination drew to a close, the best Hathorne could wrest from the steadfast Nurse was that though she did think the afflicted were "bewitcht", she stated that "I cannot help it, the Devil may appear in my shape. Therefore, after an examination that was truly a circus hardly befitting a true and legal hearing, Judges Hathorne and Corwin bound Rebecca Nurse over for the trial which would result in her execution on charges of practicing witchcraft. During her examination she was asked, "How long have ye been in the snare of the devil?
At the time, no one paid much attention. Mary Ayer Parker was convicted and hanged by the end of the month. Modern historians have let her claim fall to the wayside as well, but what if she told the truth? Was there another Mary Parker in Andover? Could it be possible that the wrong Mary Parker was executed? We know little about the Mary Parker of Other scholars presumed her case was unimportant-but perhaps that assumption was wrong. The end of her story is recorded for every generation to see, but the identity of this woman remained shrouded in mystery for over three centuries.
We still don't know why she was accused in Puritan women were not particularly noteworthy to contemporary writers and record-keepers. They appeared occasionally in the court records as witnesses and plaintiffs but their roles were restricted to the house and family. Mary Parker was a typical Puritan wife. She appeared in the records only in birth notices and the records associated with the will of her late husband Nathan Parker.
Notably, the records included no legal trouble at all, for witchcraft or anything else. John and Hannah Ayer gave birth to their daughter Mary sometime in the early to mid 's. Mary and her siblings may have been born in England, and later moved to North America with their parents.
The Ayers moved several times during the early stages of their settlement in America but resettled for the last time in in Haverhill. The family was apparently of some prominence. Tax records from showed that John Ayer possessed at least one hundred and sixty pounds, making him one of the wealthiest settlers in Haverhill. Mary Ayer married Nathan Parker sometime before her father's death in Although no marriage record survived in the hometowns of either Nathan or Mary, the wording of her father John Ayer's will made it obvious that she was married with children when it was written.
Mary and Nathan marriage was not documented but we do know Nathan and his brother Joseph settled in Newbury, Massachusetts sometime in the early 's. They settled in Andover where they were amongst its first settlers. The original size of his house lot was four acres but the Parker's landholdings improved significantly over the years to The early settlers, including the Parkers, would be those of importance.
By , Nathan began serving as a constable in Andover. It continued to do so during the early years of their marriage as he acquired more land. Mary and Nathan continued to have children for over twenty years after the birth of John Parker in Mary bore four more sons: James in , Robert in , Peter in , and a son Joseph. James died on June 29, , killed in an Indian skirmish at Black Point.
Hannah married John Tyler in When Nathan died on June 25, , he left an ample estate to his wife and children. The court awarded her one-third of the house and lands, equal shares to Robert, Joseph, Peter, Hannah, Elizabeth, and Sarah, and a double share to John.
Mary Parker did not appear in Essex County records after September 29, when she brought the inventory to court. We know little about her interaction with her neighbors and the community after her husband's death. The Parkers were a respectable family that continued to root itself in the community. So why, less than a decade after her husband's death, was Mary accused as a witch? There was no documented friction with any of her neighbors, any no prior accusations.
The closest tie Mary had with witchcraft was a distant cousin on her father's side, William Ayers whose his wife Judith was accused of witchcraft in What really happened in to Mary Ayer Parker? The examination of Mary Parker occurred the next day. At the examination, afflicted girls from both Salem and Andover fell into fits when her name was spoken. The records state that when Mary came before the justices, the girls were cured of their fits by her touch-the satisfactory result of the commonly used "touch test," signifying a witch's guilt.
When Mary denied being the witch they were after Martha Sprague, one of her accusers, quickly responded that is was for certain this Mary Parker, who had afflicted her. Sprague and Mary Lacy effectively fell into fits. Nevertheless, Mary Parker's defense was ignored, both by the courtroom, and most historians until now. In fact there were not one, but three other Mary Parkers in Andover.
The second was Joseph and Mary's daughter Mary. The third was the wife of Mary and Joseph's son, Stephen. Mary Marstone Parker married Stephen in Confusion could easily have arisen from the multitude of Mary Parkers abound in Essex County.
However, similarities between Mary Ayer Parker and her sister-in-law may have instigated confusion in even her accusers. The two Mary's married the Parker brothers by the late 's, and began having children in the early 's. They had children of the same name including sons named Joseph and daughters Mary and Sara Mary, daughter of Nathan and Mary may have died soon after her father Joseph's wife received their house and ample land from his will, dated November 4, But in September of , it was only Nathan Parker's wife who was accused, tried, and found guilty of witchcraft.
Why was Mary Ayer brought to trial? On the surface, the two Mary Parkers seemed almost interchangeable but the will of Joseph Parker revealed something important about his branch of the Parker family. Joseph made some peculiar stipulations regarding the inheritance of his son Thomas. The will described Thomas as "who by god's providence is disenabled for providing for himself or managing an estate if committed to him by reason of distemper of mind att certain seasons.
This "distemper of mind" seemed to run in the family. Stephen Parker later petitioned in September that his mother be barred from the management of her own affairs for the same reason.
Stephen revealed that his mother was in a "distracted condition and not capable of improving any of her estate for her owne comfort. Mental illness was often distrusted and feared. In fact, a case in involved a woman with a history of mental illness. Rebecca Fox Jacobs confessed to witchcraft in and her mother Rebecca Fox petitioned both the Court of Oyer and Terminer and Massachusetts Governor Phips for her release on the grounds of mental illness.
This does not guarantee the girls intended to accuse Mary Stevens Parker but it does make the case for Mary Ayer Parker's misidentification stronger. A notorious figure in Salem Towne, also named Mary Parker muddled the case further.
This Mary Parker appeared multiple times in the Essex courts and made a reputation for herself beginning in 's. In , she was sentenced for fornication.
A year later, she went back to court for child support from Teague Disco of Exiter. She came to trial two more times for fornication in A scandalous figure indeed, Mary from Salem further sullied the name "Mary Parker. A disreputable name could have been enough to kill the wrong woman in In a society where the literate were the minority, the spoken word was the most damaging.
Gossip, passed from household to household and from town to town through the ears and mouths of women, was the most prevalent source of information. The damaged reputation of one woman could be confused with another as tales of "Goode So-and-so" filtered though the community. The accused Sarah Bishop had a history of witchcraft suspicions, especially concerning the death of Christian Trask. Her death, ruled a suicide, remained a controversy and many believed that Sarah Bishop had bewitched her.
Susanna Sheldon, joining the cast of afflicted girls, claimed that she saw Bridget Bishop in an apparition who told her she killed three women, one of them being Christian Trask. The confusion associated with their cases proved how easily gossip could be attributed to the wrong woman. Mary Ayer Parker told the truth about the other Marys, but the court ignored her. William Barker Jr. He testified "looking upon Mary Parker said to her face that she was one of his company, And that the last night she afflicted Martha Sprague in company with him.
In his own confession, William accused a "goode Parker," but of course, he did not specify which Goody Parker he meant. Mary Parker's luck plummeted when Mary Warren suffered a violent fit in which a pin ran through her hand and blood came from her mouth during her examination. Martha's indictment was rejected, returned reading "ignoramus,"38 but the indictments for both Hannah Bigsbee and Sarah Phelps were returned "billa vera", and the court held Mary Parker for trial.
Sara claimed that Mary tortured her on the last day of August as well as "diverse other days and times. Thomas Chandler approved both indictments. Significantly both Sarah and Hanna were members of the Chandler family, one of the founding families in Andover.
Their daughter Sara Jr. Thomas, married Daniel Bigsbee on December 2, Thomas Chandler's daughter Hannah and granddaughter Sarah. Did the Chandler family have it out for the Parkers? Thomas and his son William settled in Andover in the s. Public and private ties between William, Thomas, and the Parker brothers were manifest in the public records. Nathan and William Chandler held the responsibility of laying out the land lots, and probably shared other public duties as well.
The only hint of any fallout between the families came more than a decade before Joseph Parker's will. On June 6, , Nathan Parker testified in an apprenticeship dispute between the Tylers and the Chandlers. Bad blood between the Chandler and Tyler families could have translated into problems between the Chandler and Parker families. This discord would have been worsened by the alliance between the Tyler and Parker families through Hannah Parker and John Tyler's marriage in This still does not seem enough to explain the Chandlers' involvement Perhaps after Nathan Parker's death in , neighborly tensions arose between Mary's inherited state and the bordering Chandler estate.
The existing records betray nothing further. Perhaps these speculated neighborly problems were coupled with the desire to distract attention from an internal scandal in the Chandler family. In Hannah and Daniel Bigsbee testified in the trial of Elizabeth Sessions, a single woman in Andover who claimed to be pregnant with the child of Hannah's brother Joseph. The Bigsbees refuted her claim and insisted she carried the child of another man. The crisis of was a perfect opportunity for them to divert attention away from the scandal.
When Mary Parker was arrested, they found the ideal candidate to take advantage of: her husband and her brother-in-law were no longer around to defend her and her young sons could not counter the power of the Chandlers.
After the initial indictments, Hannah Bigsbee and Sarah Phelps dropped from documented involvement in the case. Here, the documentation gets rather sloppy and confused. Essex Institute archivists erroneously mixed much of the testimony from Alice Parker's case in with Mary Parker's. When the irrelevant material is extracted, there is very little left of the actual case. Nothing else remains of Mary Parker case. It appeared that Mary's trial was over on September 16, She was executed only six days later.
Evidence seems lacking. In essence, Mary was convicted almost solely from the testimony from two teenage confessors. Her examination, indictment, and grand inquest all took place expediently, and within one month, Mary was accused, convicted and executed.
Her death seems irresponsible at the least, and even almost outrageous. She was convicted with such little evidence, and even that seems tainted and misconstrued. The Salem trials did her no justice, and her treatment was indicative of the chaos and ineffectualness that had over taken the Salem trials by the fall of However, her treatment by historians is even less excusable. The records of her case are disorganized and erroneous, but what has been written about the case is even more misinformed.
Today it is impossible to exonerate the reputation of Mary Ayer Parker. The records that survive are too incomplete and confused. But perhaps we can acknowledge the possibility that amidst the fracas of , a truly innocent woman died as the result of sharing the unfortunate name "Mary Parker.
John Proctor was an elderly man of 60 years of age when accused, tried, and hanged for practicing witchcraft in Maintaining his innocence until death, he challenged the court to reexamine the validity of spectral evidence. Though it did not save him, his legacy is remembered in Arthur Miller's play The Crucible. Though not an historically accurate depiction, The Crucible does bring attention to the story of John Proctor and his struggle as an innocent man.
Of all the literature focused on the Salem witch trials of , Arthur Miller's The Crucible is the only one to treat John Proctor as the main character. Proctor was a major figure to be put on trial and executed in the summer of And although his character in The Crucible is one of main significance, he is not portrayed in an historically accurate manner.
Though certain features of Proctor prevail and are consistent with the record, he is contrived to be approximately 30 years younger in the play than his actual age of approximately years-old in John Proctor was born in Ipswich, Massachusetts in to an established family of farmers.
His father had left him a large estate , and in , according to Boyer and Nissenbaum, Proctor moved near Salem Village. There, "he leased one of the largest farms of the area, 'Groton,' a acre spread lying immediately southeast of the Village line.
Thus, along with establishing himself as a prosperous and wealthy farmer, Proctor also diversified his economic interests by owning and operating a tavern on Ipswich Road. His economic standing was undoubtedly recognized within the community even though he held no official title.
By the time of the witch trials of , Proctor was a well-established man of 60 years of age. One of Arthur Miller's innovations in The Crucible is his description of Proctor as " a farmer in his middle thirties. Proctor is described on several occasions, from various sources as a strong-willed beast of a man. Charles Upham writes, "He was a man of Herculean frame No one else had come as close as Proctor did to forcing the issue.
Testimony against John Proctor revealed his true feelings of the trials. Thus it can be stated that John Proctor directly and on several occasions threatened the validity of the Court of Oyer and Terminer.
Regardless of the possible implications of such actions, his fellow inhabitants of Ipswich supported him after his arrest. The petition validates the character of John Proctor and his family. After receiving his sentence to die on Gallows Hill on August One of 19 victims hanged in , John Proctor embodies the legacy of innocence connected to the trials and executions of Proctor maintained his innocence until his death, all the while questioning the methods of the court and its acceptance of spectral evidence.
Because of his constant protest of the court proceedings, Arthur Miller found John Proctor to embody many qualities important to The Crucible. Such a strong will to oppose the trials proved catastrophic for Proctor and in August of , he paid the ultimate price. Executed on Sept. Highlights from her trial included the usual testimony of the circle of accusing girls that Ann had afflicted them in "spectral" form.
John Best, Sr. Mary Warren went to the extreme of implicating Pudeator in the deaths of four people. Historian Carol Karlsen speculates that Pudeator may have been targeted due to her profession as a midwife that placed her in direct competition with male care providers, as well as her defiance of the Puritan female gender ideal of meekness and submission to male authority.
Although the details of Ann Pudeator's birth are unknown, it is estimated that she was between 70 and 75 when she was hanged, still protesting her innocence at the hands of false accusations.
When Ann was arrested on May 12th , she was a twice-widowed woman of property in Salem Town. Although her testimony is well-documented in the transcripts of the Court of Oyer and Terminer, details of her origins before the trials of are largely unknown. Ann is thought to have been born in England sometime between and She married her first husband, Thomas Greenslit also spelled Greenslade and had five children with him sometime before Her name appears for the first time in the public record of Salem Town on the certificate of inventory for the his estate following his death in Although the eventual whereabouts of each of her children remains almost as unknown as Ann's own activities, her eldest son Thomas Pudeator went on to play a central role in the trial of the Reverend George Burroughs.
He testified to the man's extraordinary feat of strength in lifting a gun at arm's length with just one finger in the barrel. In Salem Story, historian Bernard Rosenthal suggests that this may have been a last-ditch effort by Thomas to save his own mother from execution by appearing to join sides with the witch-hunters. Ann was left destitute after her first husband died in , probably working in the paid profession of a midwife and nurse. Her name does not appear again until March of , when she is recorded as the wife of her neighbor Jacob Pudeator, a man about 20 years her junior.
This unusual circumstance was calls attention to the fact that Ann had served as nurse to Jacob's first wife Isabel during her illness, and married Jacob less than a year after Isabel's unexplained death between Jacob, too, passed away in , leaving monetary bequests to each of Ann's five children, as well as the remainder of his property to Ann herself.
Afterwards, Ann occupied the rather precarious position of being a professional woman of property in a male-dominated society. Historian Carol F. Karlsen suggests that Ann became a prime target for allegations of witchcraft after she scolded John Best, Jr. Best claimed that "he did conclude said Pudeator was a witch" because she "would chide me when I came home from turning the cow back. She also implies that Ann's occupation of midwife, regardless of whether she earned money for this is not confirmed , may have threatened other male medical professionals in Salem Town, leading to accusations.
Birth was a risky act and filled with apprehension in that time period, loss of life during the process was often blamed on the malignant forces of the devil at work through witchcraft.
Whatever the motivations for her accusers, a warrant for Ann Pudeator and another woman, Alice Parker, was written on May 12th Pudeator was brought to trial on July 2nd, Sarah Churchill was the first to accuse Ann of having tormented her, by appearing with the book of the devil and asking her to sign it.
She also accused Ann of having presented her with several images of accusing girls that she proceeded to torture like voodoo dolls with thorns. Five more of the circle of accusing girls confirmed these accusations - both Mary Warren and Ann Putnam falling into fits during Pudeator's examination and then being cured by a touch of Ann's hand. In addition to these displays, Elizabeth Hubbard, Mary Walcott, and Sarah Bibber also presented testimony that Pudeator had afflicted them through pinching, pressing and choking.
The constable Joseph Neal described his discovery of "curious containers of various ointments" suspected to have been associated with Ann's alleged witchcraft at her house upon her arrest, and asserted that she was an "ill-carriaged woman" whom he was convinced had adversely affected his wife in her service as midwife. During her examination Ann insisted that these jars were simply filled with Neat's Foot Oil. Incriminating evidence of Ann's relation to animal familiars was given by Samuel Pickworth, who related seeing a bird fly by one night as he walked upon Salem Street, and soon after noticing a woman coming out of Ann's home, presumably the same entity as the bird.
Throughout the trials, Ann remained consistent but relatively unassertive in her declrations of innocence. She insisted that she did not know her accusers, nor anything of the art of witchcraft.
In response to curiosity about the ointments, she simply explained they were containers of grease to make her soap. Although her testimony in itself was not particularly noteworthy, her petition to the court, written before her death, merits acknowledgement for its simple denunciation of her accusers. Particularly of note was her scathing addition that John Best Jr. In retrospect, this charge cast considerable doubt upon the validity of John's accusations, as well as the credibility of any court that would admit the testimony of a publicly acknowledged liar.
Strangely enough, not one of Ann's children came to her defense during the trials. Widowed and abandoned by her remaining kinfolk, Ann Pudeator, at that time somewhere between 70 and 75 years old, was hanged upon Gallows Hill on Sept. Piper, Deborah. Salem Witch Descendents ListServe. The witchcraft accusations and trial of Margaret Scott, executed on September 22nd, , long have been a mystery to historians.
With the recently located depositions from her examination, the people, places, and events associated with Margaret Scott's trial can now be examined and the mystery surrounding her can be solved. Margaret Scott possessed the characteristics that made her a prime suspect for any witch accusation during early New England. However, Scott was unlucky enough to be accused during the Salem witch hunts.
As a result, Scott, an orthodox suspect, was thrown into a very unorthodox witch hunt with very little chance of survival. The evidence of Margaret Scott's case highlights the nature of witchcraft accusations in New England and the Salem witch-hunt.
In the end, Margaret Scott was accused and executed on charges of witchcraft due to prolonged suspicion of her character, the spectral evidence provided in her trial, the maleficium evidence against her, and the prominence of the accusers in her community. Margaret Scott was the only person to be accused of being a witch from Rowley during the Salem trials.
This was mainly due to the fact that community members long thought of her as a witch. She most likely was suspected of witchcraft because of her low stature in the community, the number of child fatalities,long widowhood, and begging; all common traits among people accused of witchcraft. Margaret Scott's origins are obscure. Born Margaret Stevenson in England somewhere around the year , she first appeared in the record books in , when she married Benjamin Scott.
Initially the Scotts lived in Braintree, but later moved to Cambridge where they had four children between and The Scott family arrived in Rowley in where Margaret gave birth to three additional children. Of all the children, only three lived to adulthood. Still, by the time of the witchcraft trials, the seventy-seven year-old Margaret Scott had as many as eleven grandchildren. It is hard to pinpoint the status of the Scott family among the residents of Rowley.
Evidence from Essex County records indicates that the Scots were not wealthy and never appeared in any positions suggesting importance or prominence. Benjamin Scott himself was never assigned a high-status title such as Mister or even the lower status title Goodman. The Scotts lacked the money to purchase their own land. Instead in the town donated land to Benjamin Scott.
However, Margaret had to live on this estate for the next twenty-one years and by the time of the Salem trials, must have been very poor.
At first glance, Margaret Scott seems to have lived an uneventful life. However, certain aspects of her character made her a very likely candidate as a witch suspect. One such aspect was the high infant mortality rate among her children. Women in New England who had trouble raising children were very vulnerable to witchcraft charges. In fact, only 7 out of the 62 accused female witches in New England prior to had a considerable number of children.
Out of Margaret's seven children, only three made it to adulthood. This does not consider any miscarriages or other problems that Scott may have had. Furthermore, only one of her three children born in Rowley lived to adulthood. The residents of Rowley would have been well aware of her high infant mortality rate. Another factor about Margaret Scott's character that made her vulnerable to accusations was her status as a widow for twenty-one years. Being a widow did not in itself expose a woman to suspicion.
The most dangerous aspect of being a widow was the lack of a husband for legal support and influence. Also, Scott, 56 at the time of her husband's death, was forced to live off her husband's small estate for twenty-one years. Often widows who were over fifty and not wealthy, were unable to find a new spouse and thus were reduced to poverty and begging. By begging, Margaret would expose herself to witchcraft suspicions according to what historian Robin Briggs calls the "refusal guilt syndrome".
This phenomenon occurred when a beggar's needs were refused causing feelings of guilt and aggression on the refuser's part. The refuser projected this aggression on the begger and grew suspicious of her. Some of the depositions against Scott did involve misfortunes occurring to people who had denied her a service or good. Perhaps Scott actually used her reputation to receive favors, which could be very effective. If people believed that Scott was a witch, they might have eagerly given her what she asked out of fear of retaliation.
However, if someone refused Scott and then fell on bad circumstances, witchcraft suspicions and accusations were almost a certainty. Evidence suggests that Scott's widowhood suffering and dependence on begging resulted in part from a lack of familial support.
Only Margaret Scott's son Benjamin stayed in Rowley. When Margaret Scott was accused of witchcraft, Benjamin, who had six children of his own at the time, offered no legal support.
He probably lacked the time and money to pursue a legal defense of his mother. A careful examination of the depositions and witnesses shows a clear pattern among Margaret Scott's accusers. Many who were wealthy residents of the town who cooperated in the effort to convict Margaret of witchcraft. Captain Daniel Wicom appeared as the central figure among the accusers. As a prominent member of Rowley, any witchcraft affliction that involved Wicom, who filled many town leadership positions, would have led to legal action against Scott.
The Wicoms were not the only prominent family of Rowley involved with the accusations against Margaret Scott. The Nelson family also played an active role in the trial. Thomas and Phillip Nelson were brothers; Sarah was Philip's wife. Their father, Captain Philip Nelson, passed away in leaving an estate of pounds suggesting that both Thomas and Philip were well off themselves. Unfortunately, records fail to distinguish between Philip the father and Philip the son.
However, the prominence of the name of Philip Nelson in town records suggests that the family was wealthy and powerful. What is notable among the many appearances of Nelsons and Wicoms in the Essex County records is actually what did not occur. While the two families appear in many land disputes, they never appear as opponents. While one cannot assume that both families were friends, it is safe to say that they were not enemies.
Philip Nelson gave testimony that supported Daniel Wicom in a trial and in the two men sided together in another court case. Wicom would have collected Shillito's taxes, been in contact with him, and have been very familiar with his supposed affliction. The final connection occurred in the deposition of Thomas Nelson. At the end of his testimony, the record indicated him as a member of the grand jury giving him the power to determine Margaret Scott's fate extending the Nelson-Wicom connection to nearly all aspects of the trial.
The depositions offered against Margaret Scott highlight the rumors about her reputation and the common beliefs that circulated about witches in early New England.
Of the six depositions presented before the Salem Court on September 15th, four described the spectral image of Margaret Scott tormenting others. Some depositions given showed that many people suspected Scott was a witch long before The spectral evidence came from the depositions of young women who may have been influenced by their paranoia surrounding Indian hostilities, social pressures, and religious beliefs.
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